When my 7-year-old son doodles a star in the night sky, it’s almost always drawn with five spikes. That’s how I learned to draw stars, too. But it begs to question: Since stars aren't spiked, why do we draw them that way in pictures? It may be because stars, which are actually enormous fiery spheres, often appear with spikes in telescopic images. The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, still takes images of spiky stars.
But most recently, the first full-color image from the James Webb Space Telescope, the largest optical telescope in space, showed a universe filled with stars. When it was released to the public on July 11, 2022, it revealed “a cluster teeming with thousands of galaxies,” according to NASA. But when you look closely, the stars in the image all have six large spikes, and two fainter horizontal spikes emanating from its center. Science can help explain why that is.
Read More: NASA Delivers First Batch of Images From James Webb Space Telescope
What Causes Diffraction Spikes on Stars?
For starters, according to NASA, the spikes aren’t real; the stars' diffraction spikes are nothing more than the result of the diffraction of light. The brighter the star, the more likely we are to see spikes extending from its center. In the image above, the six bright spikes are the result of the way light hits the JWST’s enormous hexagonal mirror. The 21-foot mirror is capable of taking images that are so far away that we can study the history of the universe from the beginning of time.
Each of the 18 pieces which make up the huge mirror help to shape the way the light is reflected. Plus, Webb's hexagonal mirror is actually made up of a series of smaller mirrors — which have breaks between them and are also capable of reflecting light. The breaks in between the mirrors create rough lines of light that appear within the spikes if you look very closely at the image.
Additionally, the JWST has three struts each placed 24 feet from the primary mirror that hold up the telescope’s secondary mirror. The secondary mirror is necessary in order to direct light into the telescope. It’s also the second surface that light from the stars hits to create an image.
Star Spikes: The Result of Struts
Unlike the first hexagonal mirror, the secondary mirror is circular which also impacts the way that light reflects off of it. As light from the star comes into the telescope, it has to bend around the struts which block the light. The JWST’s three struts result in six spikes because each strut produces two spikes that appear as right angles.
By contrast, the Hubble Space Telescope has four struts that hold up the secondary mirror and each strut results in a spike also held at a right angle from it. That’s why the famous images coming from the Hubble show four spikes instead of six. Not all images will include such pointy stars because the star spikes are the most noticeable when the star is incredibly bright. The brighter the star, the brighter the spike.
As far as Webb is concerned, you may think that its hexagonal mirror (combined with the struts) would create an image with 12 spikes. But thanks to the JWST's smart design, spikes from the mirror and spikes from the struts perfectly line up to appear as six spikes. The only additional spikes that result from the struts are fainter, horizontal and seen along the center of the star.
The bottom line: Those stars that my son doodles of the night sky aren’t that inaccurate, after all. They’re the result of struts, and mirrors and the diffraction of light— a complicated optical artifacts that makes images of the night sky all the more beautiful.
